{"id":842,"date":"2026-04-25T11:59:08","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T06:29:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/?p=842"},"modified":"2026-04-25T11:59:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T06:29:10","slug":"utility-patent-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/utility-patent-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Utility Patent in India \u2014 What It Is, How to File (2026)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In India, a &#8220;utility patent&#8221; is not a separate legal category \u2014 it is simply what the rest of the world calls a standard patent. Under the <strong>Patents Act, 1970<\/strong>, India grants patents that protect the <em>functional<\/em> aspects of inventions: new processes, machines, manufactured products, and compositions of matter that are novel, involve an inventive step, and are industrially applicable. The term &#8220;utility patent&#8221; is used in India to describe these functional patents \u2014 distinguishing them from design protection (which covers visual aesthetics under the Designs Act, 2000) and from copyright (which covers creative expression under the Copyright Act, 1957).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India does <strong>not<\/strong> have a separate &#8220;utility model&#8221; or &#8220;petty patent&#8221; system. Applications that would be filed as utility models in Germany, Japan, or China must be filed as standard patent applications under the Patents Act, 1970 in India.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id842_13f9ba-b7 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id842_13f9ba-b7 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id842_13f9ba-b7 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id842_13f9ba-b7 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}<\/style>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Competitors Miss \u2014 Why This Guide Is Different<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Most utility patent guides for India make one of two errors: they either describe a US utility patent system and loosely apply it to India (incorrect), or they describe the Indian patent system generically without explaining the specific context in which &#8220;utility patent&#8221; is used or misused in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This guide explains the Indian patent system as it actually applies to functional inventions \u2014 with every relevant statutory provision, the exact government fees, the specific Section 3 exclusions that trip up technology and software companies, and the honest timeline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Legal Framework \u2014 Patents Act, 1970<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All utility patents in India are governed by the <strong>Patents Act, 1970<\/strong> (as amended in 1999, 2002, and 2005 following India&#8217;s accession to the TRIPS Agreement) and the <strong>Patents Rules, 2003<\/strong> (amended 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Patent Office \u2014 officially the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (CGPDTM) \u2014 operates from four offices:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Office<\/th><th>Jurisdiction (based on applicant&#8217;s principal place of business)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Mumbai<\/td><td>Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Chhattisgarh, Daman &amp; Diu, Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Delhi<\/td><td>Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Chandigarh<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chennai<\/td><td>Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kolkata<\/td><td>Rest of India (Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What a Utility Patent Protects \u2014 The Four Categories<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under <strong>Section 2(1)(j) of the Patents Act, 1970<\/strong>, an invention means a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application. In practice, the four categories that utility patents cover are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Products<\/strong> \u2014 a new manufactured article or device (a new pharmaceutical compound, a new semiconductor chip, a new physical product with novel structure or composition)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Processes<\/strong> \u2014 a new method of doing something (a new manufacturing process, a new chemical synthesis route, a new data processing method \u2014 subject to Section 3 exclusions discussed below)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Machines<\/strong> \u2014 a new mechanical apparatus or equipment with novel operational features<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Compositions of matter<\/strong> \u2014 a new material, mixture, compound, or formulation (new drug formulations, alloys, polymers, chemical compositions)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Improvements<\/strong> to any of the above also qualify \u2014 you do not need to invent something entirely from scratch. A meaningful improvement to an existing product or process can be patented if it is novel and non-obvious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Three Patentability Criteria<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a utility patent to be granted in India, the invention must satisfy all three requirements under the Patents Act:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Novelty \u2014 Section 2(1)(l)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The invention must be new. It must not have been:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Published in any document anywhere in the world before the filing date<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used publicly in India before the filing date<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disclosed in any patent application filed earlier in India<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Critical implication:<\/strong> Even your own earlier disclosure can destroy novelty. If you present the invention at a conference, publish a research paper describing it, or post about it online before filing, novelty is destroyed. File before you disclose \u2014 always.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Exception under Section 29:<\/strong> A disclosure made by the applicant or obtained from the applicant within 12 months of filing does not destroy novelty, provided the disclosure was made in good faith or was obtained from the applicant without consent. This is a limited grace period \u2014 not an invitation to delay filing after disclosure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Inventive Step \u2014 Section 2(1)(ja)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The invention must be non-obvious. It must involve a technical advance compared to existing knowledge, or have economic significance \u2014 and it should not be obvious to a person skilled in the relevant technical field at the time of filing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts and examiners apply the &#8220;person skilled in the art&#8221; test \u2014 a hypothetical expert with knowledge of the field but no inventive capability. If a person skilled in the art would have arrived at the invention as an obvious next step from existing knowledge, the inventive step requirement fails.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Industrial Applicability \u2014 Section 2(1)(ac)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The invention must be capable of being made or used in any kind of industry. &#8220;Industry&#8221; is interpreted broadly \u2014 agriculture, manufacturing, services, and technology all qualify. A purely theoretical or abstract concept with no practical application fails this requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Cannot Be Patented \u2014 Section 3 Exclusions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970<\/strong> is the most important provision for technology companies, software startups, pharmaceutical companies, and AI businesses filing in India. It lists what is <em>not<\/em> an invention under Indian law \u2014 and therefore cannot be patented regardless of how novel or creative it is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most commercially relevant exclusions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Section 3(d) \u2014 The Pharmaceutical Evergreening Bar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;The mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement of the known efficacy of that substance.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is India&#8217;s famous and internationally controversial provision. A new salt, ester, polymorph, or other modified form of an existing pharmaceutical compound cannot be patented unless the applicant proves it results in <em>significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy<\/em> compared to the known substance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 3(d) was upheld by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark <strong>Novartis AG vs Union of India (2013)<\/strong> case, where the Court refused patent protection for the beta crystalline form of imatinib (Gleevec\/Glivec). This decision defines the strictest pharmaceutical patent standard of any major jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Section 3(k) \u2014 The Software and Algorithm Bar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>&#8220;A mathematical method or a business method or algorithms or computer programmes per se.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Software, algorithms, mathematical methods, and business methods are excluded from patent protection <em>per se<\/em> \u2014 meaning by themselves. However, a software-implemented invention that produces a <em>technical effect<\/em> beyond the normal physical interactions of running code can be patent-eligible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key phrase is <em>per se<\/em> \u2014 Indian patent law does permit patents for inventions that use software as part of a technical solution, provided the claim is framed around the technical contribution rather than the software itself. Getting this right requires careful claim drafting \u2014 the same invention can be patentable or excluded depending entirely on how the claims are written.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2025 CGPDTM Guidelines update:<\/strong> The revised Guidelines for Examination of Computer Related Inventions (CRIs) clarify that claims must demonstrate a &#8220;technical effect&#8221; or &#8220;technical advancement&#8221; beyond the normal software-hardware interaction. AI models, machine learning systems, and data processing methods face heightened scrutiny under these guidelines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Section 3(c) \u2014 Discovery of Natural Phenomena<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The discovery of a naturally occurring substance, organism, or phenomenon is not patentable. You can patent a <em>process<\/em> for isolating or using it, or a <em>modified<\/em> version with new functionality \u2014 but the natural thing itself is excluded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Section 3(e) \u2014 Mere Admixture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A substance obtained by merely mixing known substances without producing any new property or synergistic effect is not patentable. Drug combinations without demonstrated synergy face this bar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Section 3(i) \u2014 Medical Treatment Methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any method of treatment of human beings or animals by surgery, therapy, or diagnosis is not patentable. Medical devices that deliver the treatment <em>can<\/em> be patented \u2014 the <em>method<\/em> of treatment cannot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Section 3(p) \u2014 Traditional Knowledge<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An invention which in effect is traditional knowledge or aggregation of traditional knowledge is not patentable. India maintains the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as a prior art database to prevent biopiracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utility Patent vs Design Patent vs Utility Model \u2014 India&#8217;s Framework<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This comparison is one of the most searched questions on this topic and one the competition answers poorly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Protection Type<\/th><th>What It Covers<\/th><th>Law<\/th><th>Duration<\/th><th>Available in India?<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Utility Patent (Patent)<\/strong><\/td><td>Functional aspects \u2014 how an invention works<\/td><td>Patents Act, 1970<\/td><td>20 years from filing<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Design Protection<\/strong><\/td><td>Aesthetic\/visual features \u2014 how a product looks<\/td><td>Designs Act, 2000<\/td><td>10 years (renewable by 5)<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Utility Model \/ Petty Patent<\/strong><\/td><td>Minor functional improvements, lower inventive step bar<\/td><td>Utility Model Act (where applicable)<\/td><td>7\u201310 years typically<\/td><td>\u274c Not yet in India<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Copyright<\/strong><\/td><td>Original creative expression<\/td><td>Copyright Act, 1957<\/td><td>Life + 60 years<\/td><td>\u2705 Yes (automatic)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The utility model gap in India:<\/strong> Countries like Germany (Gebrauchsmuster), Japan (Jitsuyou-Shinkei), China (Shiyong Xinxing), and South Korea offer utility model protection \u2014 a faster, cheaper, lower-inventive-step alternative to full patent protection, suitable for incremental innovations and short product lifecycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India does not currently have a utility model system. The Draft National IPR Policy (2016) flagged utility model protection as a future consideration, and academic and industry debate continues \u2014 but as of 2026, no utility model legislation has been enacted. Innovations that would be filed as utility models in Germany or China must be filed as standard patent applications in India under the Patents Act, 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to File a Utility Patent in India \u2014 Step by Step<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 1 \u2014 Conduct a Prior Art Search<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before filing anything, search existing patents to verify novelty and assess the prior art landscape. Key databases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>InPASS<\/strong> (Indian Patent Advanced Search System) \u2014 the official Indian patent database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>WIPO PATENTSCOPE<\/strong> \u2014 for PCT and international applications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Espacenet<\/strong> (EPO) \u2014 global patent search<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>USPTO Patent Full-Text Database<\/strong> \u2014 US patents and published applications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A professional prior art search \u2014 conducted by a registered patent agent \u2014 identifies blocking prior art early, helps refine the invention, and informs claim strategy. An invention that looks novel to the inventor often has prior art the inventor was unaware of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 2 \u2014 Assess Patentability Under Indian Law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apply the three-criteria test: novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. Check whether the invention falls into any Section 3 exclusion category \u2014 particularly Section 3(d) for pharmaceutical inventions and Section 3(k) for software\/algorithm-based inventions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If patentability is uncertain on any ground, obtain a formal patentability opinion from a registered patent agent or IP lawyer before investing in full specification drafting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 3 \u2014 Choose: Provisional or Complete Application?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Provisional Application (Form 1 + Form 2 provisional):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Establishes your priority date immediately<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can be filed with a less detailed specification \u2014 &#8220;describe enough to establish the invention&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gives you 12 months to file the Complete Specification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not require finalised claims<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Useful when the invention is still being developed or when you want to disclose at a trade show within the 12-month window<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Complete Application (Form 1 + Form 2 complete):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Requires full specification, detailed description, and complete claims<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can be filed directly without a prior provisional<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If filed after a provisional, must be filed within 12 months of the provisional filing date \u2014 failing which the provisional application lapses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>When to file provisional vs complete:<\/strong> File a provisional if you are not yet ready to write complete claims but want to lock in the priority date \u2014 for example, before presenting at a conference or before a public product launch. File complete directly if the invention is fully developed and the specification is ready.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 4 \u2014 Draft the Patent Specification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most critical \u2014 and most legally consequential \u2014 step in the entire process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The complete specification must contain:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Title<\/strong> \u2014 short, precise, technically descriptive<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Field of Invention<\/strong> \u2014 the technical domain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Background Art \/ Prior Art<\/strong> \u2014 existing knowledge and the problem the invention solves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Summary of Invention<\/strong> \u2014 brief overview of the inventive concept<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Detailed Description<\/strong> \u2014 complete disclosure enabling a person skilled in the art to reproduce the invention. Must be sufficient for full enablement \u2014 nothing essential can be withheld<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Claims<\/strong> \u2014 the legally operative boundaries of patent protection. Every claim defines one aspect of protection. Must be: clear, concise, fully supported by the description, and drafted in a manner that captures the maximum commercially useful scope while remaining defensible against prior art<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Abstract<\/strong> \u2014 \u2264150 words summary for search purposes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Drawings<\/strong> \u2014 required where the nature of the invention necessitates it (almost always for mechanical, electrical, and device inventions)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The claims are everything.<\/strong> A patent with broad, well-drafted claims that survive examination provides strong commercial protection. A patent with narrow, poorly drafted claims is worthless \u2014 competitors design around it trivially. Do not file a patent specification without professional drafting assistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 5 \u2014 File at the Patent Office (Form 1 + Form 2)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">File online through the IP India e-filing portal. Required forms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Form<\/th><th>Purpose<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Form 1<\/strong><\/td><td>Application for grant of patent (applicant details, inventors, priority claims)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Form 2<\/strong><\/td><td>Patent specification (provisional or complete)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Form 3<\/strong><\/td><td>Statement and undertaking regarding foreign patent applications (if any)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Form 5<\/strong><\/td><td>Declaration as to inventorship<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Form 9<\/strong><\/td><td>Request for early publication (optional \u2014 to publish before 18 months)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Form 28<\/strong><\/td><td>Proof of startup\/MSME status (if claiming reduced fees)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pay the prescribed government fee. The application is acknowledged immediately with a patent application number and filing date \u2014 your priority date is established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 6 \u2014 Publication (18 Months from Filing)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Patent applications are automatically published in the Indian Patent Journal <strong>18 months<\/strong> from the filing date (or priority date, whichever is earlier), unless:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The applicant requests early publication (Form 9 + fee), in which case publication occurs within 1 month of the request<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The application is directed for secrecy by the Central Government (rare \u2014 applies to defence-related inventions)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important:<\/strong> A patent application is <em>not<\/em> searchable publicly until publication. Prior to publication, it exists as confidential. After publication, third parties can file pre-grant oppositions under Section 25(1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 7 \u2014 Request Examination<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examination is <em>not<\/em> automatic. The applicant must file a <strong>Request for Examination (Form 18)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>For applications filed on or after March 15, 2024:<\/strong> within <strong>31 months<\/strong> from the filing\/priority date (extendable by 6 months on payment)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>For applications filed on or before March 14, 2024:<\/strong> within <strong>48 months<\/strong> from the filing\/priority date<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Expedited examination (Form 18A)<\/strong> is available to: startup applicants, female applicants, government undertakings, and applicants from small entities \/ MSME. Expedited examination reduces the queue significantly \u2014 typical timelines are 6\u201312 months for expedited versus 2\u20134 years for regular examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 8 \u2014 Respond to First Examination Report (FER)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The examiner issues a First Examination Report raising objections on novelty, inventive step, Section 3 exclusions, claim clarity, and formal deficiencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The applicant has <strong>12 months<\/strong> from the date of the FER to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>File a written reply addressing every objection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amend the claims if necessary (without adding new matter)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Request a hearing if the written response does not resolve all objections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Missing the 12-month FER response deadline results in <strong>deemed abandonment<\/strong> of the application \u2014 no extension is available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 9 \u2014 Grant or Refusal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If all objections are resolved, the Controller grants the patent. The patent is published in the Patent Journal as a granted patent and an electronic Registration Certificate is issued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If objections cannot be resolved, the Controller refuses the application with reasons. The applicant may appeal the refusal to the appropriate <strong>High Court<\/strong> (post-abolition of IPAB in 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 10 \u2014 Annual Renewal Fees<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A granted patent must be renewed annually to remain in force. Renewal fees are payable <strong>from the third year<\/strong> after the date of filing (not the date of grant). Fees for earlier years (first and second year) are included in the filing fee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Failure to pay renewal fees within the prescribed period results in <strong>patent lapse<\/strong>. A lapsed patent can be restored within 18 months of lapse by filing Form 15 with reasons for non-payment \u2014 but restoration is not guaranteed and attracts additional fees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Government Fees \u2014 Utility Patent India (2026)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All fees are prescribed under the <strong>First Schedule of the Patents Rules, 2003<\/strong> (as amended). E-filing attracts a <strong>10% reduction<\/strong> over physical filing fees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Filing Fees \u2014 Form 1 + Form 2 (E-filing)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Applicant Type<\/th><th>Fee<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Natural Person (Individual)<\/td><td>\u20b91,600<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Startup (DPIIT-recognised)<\/td><td>\u20b91,600<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Small Entity (MSME)<\/td><td>\u20b94,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Other (Company, LLP, etc.)<\/td><td>\u20b98,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Above fees are for complete specification with up to 30 pages of specification and up to 10 claims. Additional pages and claims attract additional fees.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Request for Examination \u2014 Form 18 (E-filing)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Applicant Type<\/th><th>Fee<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Natural Person \/ Startup<\/td><td>\u20b94,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Small Entity<\/td><td>\u20b910,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Other<\/td><td>\u20b920,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Expedited Examination \u2014 Form 18A (E-filing)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Applicant Type<\/th><th>Fee<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Natural Person \/ Startup<\/td><td>\u20b98,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Small Entity<\/td><td>\u20b920,000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Other<\/td><td>\u20b960,000<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Annual Renewal Fees (E-filing, 3rd Year Onwards)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Renewal fees increase progressively each year from the 3rd to the 20th year. As a general indication:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Year 3\u20136:<\/strong> \u20b9800\u2013\u20b92,000 per year (natural persons) \/ \u20b93,200\u2013\u20b98,000 (others)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Year 7\u201311:<\/strong> \u20b92,400\u2013\u20b95,600 (natural persons) \/ \u20b99,600\u2013\u20b922,400 (others)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Year 12\u201320:<\/strong> \u20b94,800\u2013\u20b98,000 (natural persons) \/ \u20b919,200\u2013\u20b932,000 (others)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>All fees are indicative. Verify current fee schedule at the official IP India portal: <a href=\"https:\/\/ipindia.gov.in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ipindia.gov.in<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Long Does a Utility Patent Take in India?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Route<\/th><th>Typical Timeline<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Provisional \u2192 Complete \u2192 Regular Examination<\/td><td>4\u20137 years from provisional filing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Complete \u2192 Regular Examination<\/td><td>3\u20136 years from filing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Complete \u2192 Expedited Examination (Form 18A)<\/td><td>1.5\u20133 years from filing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PCT National Phase \u2192 Regular Examination<\/td><td>3\u20135 years from national phase entry<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The examination backlog at the Indian Patent Office is the primary driver of delay. Expedited examination under Form 18A is strongly recommended for commercially time-sensitive inventions \u2014 the fee differential between regular and expedited examination is far smaller than the commercial cost of delayed protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Protecting Your Invention Internationally \u2014 PCT Route<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you need patent protection in multiple countries, file a <strong>PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) international application<\/strong> through the Indian Patent Office (designating India as the receiving office). A single PCT application:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Establishes a priority date valid in 150+ member countries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides an international search report assessing novelty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gives you 30 months from the priority date to decide which countries to enter nationally<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delays the cost of national phase entry \u2014 useful for startups managing cash flow<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PCT does not grant an international patent \u2014 it streamlines the process of filing nationally in multiple countries. Each country still examines and grants the patent independently under its own law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: What is a utility patent in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: In India, a &#8220;utility patent&#8221; refers to a standard patent granted under the Patents Act, 1970 for a new, non-obvious, and industrially applicable invention covering its functional aspects \u2014 products, processes, machines, or compositions of matter. India does not use the term &#8220;utility patent&#8221; in its legislation; the term is used informally to distinguish functional patent protection from design protection under the Designs Act, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: Does India have a utility model or petty patent system?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: No. As of 2026, India does not have a utility model or petty patent system. Inventions that would qualify for utility model protection in Germany, Japan, China, or South Korea must be filed as standard patent applications under the Patents Act, 1970 in India. The Draft National IPR Policy (2016) mentioned utility model protection as a future consideration, but no legislation has been enacted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: How long is a utility patent valid in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: A patent in India is valid for <strong>20 years from the date of filing<\/strong> the patent application. Annual renewal fees must be paid from the third year to keep the patent in force. Failure to pay renewal fees results in lapse. A lapsed patent can be restored within 18 months of lapse by filing Form 15.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: Can software or AI be patented as a utility patent in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: Not directly. Section 3(k) of the Patents Act excludes mathematical methods, business methods, algorithms, and computer programmes <em>per se<\/em>. However, a software-implemented invention that produces a concrete technical effect beyond the normal software-hardware interaction can be patent-eligible \u2014 if the claims are drafted around the technical contribution rather than the software itself. AI systems, machine learning models, and data processing inventions require very careful claim drafting to clear the Section 3(k) bar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: What is the cost of filing a utility patent in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: Government fees start from \u20b91,600 for a natural person filing a complete specification (e-filing), plus \u20b94,000 for examination request. Total government fees for an individual applicant through grant are typically \u20b96,000\u2013\u20b915,000 depending on specification length, claims, and renewal years. Professional fees for specification drafting and prosecution by a registered patent agent are additional and typically range from \u20b925,000 to \u20b91,00,000+ depending on complexity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: What is the difference between a provisional and complete patent application in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: A provisional application (Form 1 + Form 2 provisional) establishes a priority date with a less detailed description \u2014 giving the inventor 12 months to develop the invention and file a complete specification. A complete application (Form 1 + Form 2 complete) contains the full specification with detailed description and claims, and is required for the patent to be examined and granted. A provisional lapses if not followed by a complete specification within 12 months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: What inventions cannot be patented under the utility patent system in India?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A: Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970 excludes several categories \u2014 most importantly: mathematical methods, algorithms, and computer programmes per se (Section 3(k)); new forms of known pharmaceutical substances without enhanced efficacy (Section 3(d)); methods of treatment of humans or animals (Section 3(i)); mere discoveries of natural phenomena (Section 3(c)); substances obtained by mere admixture (Section 3(e)); and inventions based on traditional knowledge (Section 3(p)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">File Before You Disclose \u2014 The Priority Date Is Everything<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A utility patent in India operates on a <strong>first-to-file<\/strong> basis. The person who files first gets the earlier priority date \u2014 and the earlier priority date almost always wins in any validity or infringement dispute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every day you delay filing after completing your invention is a day someone else could file the same invention. Every public disclosure before filing potentially destroys novelty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At TMZON, IP consultation services include patent filing advisory \u2014 structuring your provisional vs complete filing strategy, coordinating with registered patent agents for specification drafting, and managing your prosecution timeline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"\/consultation\">Book an IP Consultation \u2192 tmzon.com\/consultation<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For trademark protection of your brand alongside your patent:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ipindia.gov.in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IP India Official Portal \u2192 ipindia.gov.in<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This article is written for general informational purposes and does not constitute legal advice. For advice specific to your patent filing, please consult a qualified registered patent agent or IP attorney.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Written by Arya Sharma, Advocate, Bombay High Court | Trademark Attorney<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u00a9 2026 TMZON Corporate Services. All rights reserved.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In India, a &#8220;utility patent&#8221; is not a separate legal category \u2014 it is simply what the rest of the world calls a standard patent. Under the Patents Act, 1970, India grants patents that protect the functional aspects of inventions: new processes, machines, manufactured products, and compositions of matter that are novel, involve an inventive [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-intellectual-property","category-insights-updates","entry","has-media"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon.jpg",1280,720,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon.jpg",1280,720,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon.jpg",1280,720,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon-300x169.jpg",300,169,true],"large":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon-1024x576.jpg",1024,576,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon.jpg",1280,720,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon.jpg",1280,720,false],"ocean-thumb-m":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon-600x600.jpg",600,600,true],"ocean-thumb-ml":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon-800x450.jpg",800,450,true],"ocean-thumb-l":["https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/utility-patent-india-2026-tmzon-12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href=\"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/category\/intellectual-property\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Intellectual Property<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/category\/insights-updates\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Insights &amp; Updates<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"In India, a &#8220;utility patent&#8221; is not a separate legal category \u2014 it is simply what the rest of the world calls a standard patent. Under the Patents Act, 1970, India grants patents that protect the functional aspects of inventions: new processes, machines, manufactured products, and compositions of matter that are novel, involve an inventive&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=842"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/842\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":843,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/842\/revisions\/843"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=842"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=842"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tmzon.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}